236 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
236 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
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---
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title: OMV与Debian安装与使用笔记
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date: 2022-09-20 09:31:42
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excerpt: 摘要
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tags: Debian
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rating: ⭐⭐
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---
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## 前言
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推荐入门文章：
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- [Debian 新手指南（持续更新）](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/488109156)
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- [锐角云 N3450折腾OMV记录](https://www.cnblogs.com/wxfy/p/15765363.html)：
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- omv5 基于debian 10
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- omv6 基于debian 11
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后台：http://ipv4.blueroses.top/
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| 版本 | 说明 | 示例 |
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| -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
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| alpine | Alpine Linux 操作系统，它是一个独立发行版本，相比较 Debian 操作系统来说 Alpine，更加轻巧 https://alpinelinux.org | docker pull node:alpine3.14 |
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| jessie | Debian 8，更旧的稳定（oldoldstable）版，马上就淘汰了 2015 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianJessie | docker pull node:10.22.0-jessie |
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| stretch | Debian 9，旧的稳定（oldstable）版，现有长期支持 2017，比较老，目前除了 LTS 其他版本已经不再提供技术支持了，所以我们非必要情况下还是不要选择它比较好 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianStretch | docker pull node:lts-stretch |
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| buster | Debian 10，当前的稳定（stable）版 2019，比较新，支持比较全面，受广大Debian爱好者的好评！像 PHP、Python 之类的语言、应用都会使用这个版本的 Debian 搭建 Docker 基础镜像 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster | docker pull node:lts-buster |
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| bullseye | Debian 11，即将上位的稳定（stable）版 2021https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBullseye docker pull node:lts-bullseye xxx-slim 一般都基于 Debian 和 glibc，删除了许多非必需的软件包，优化了体积 docker pull node:stretch-slim | docker pull node:buster-slim |
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## 在Debian上安装OMV
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### 添加秘钥
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```
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apt-get install --yes gnupg
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wget -O "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/openmediavault-archive-keyring.asc" https://packages.openmediavault.org/public/archive.key
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apt-key add "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/openmediavault-archive-keyring.asc"
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```
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### 添加软件包存储库
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大陆地区使用TUNA的源：
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```ini
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cat <<EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/openmediavault.list
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul main
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul main
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## Uncomment the following line to add software from the proposed repository.
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# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul-proposed main
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# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul-proposed main
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## This software is not part of OpenMediaVault, but is offered by third-party
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## developers as a service to OpenMediaVault users.
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# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul partner
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# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul partner
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EOF
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```
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### 安装
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```c++
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export LANG=C.UTF-8
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export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
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export APT_LISTCHANGES_FRONTEND=none
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apt-get update
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apt-get --yes --auto-remove --show-upgraded \
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--allow-downgrades --allow-change-held-packages \
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--no-install-recommends \
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--option DPkg::Options::="--force-confdef" \
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--option DPkg::Options::="--force-confold" \
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install openmediavault-keyring openmediavault
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omv-confdbadm populate
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```
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### 安装脚本（非桌面环境有效）
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大概率是需要没有安装过桌面的Debian：https://github.com/OpenMediaVault-Plugin-Developers/installScript
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## Debian检查软件包依赖
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- 查看谁依赖了这个包：
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- aptitude why libboost1.71-tools-dev
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- 查看libboost-all-dev 依赖哪些包
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- apt-cache depends libboost-all-dev
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- 查看所有带libboost的包
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- dpkg -l | grep libboost
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Debian phpapi-20151012 不能安装的原因可能是因为某个包安装了更新phpapi的版本。（可能是php7.4系列)
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### 用apt安装时，出现依赖障碍时，如何解决？
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出现因依赖无法安装，可以尝试：
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>aptitude install xxx-软件
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```ini
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install - 安装/升级软件包
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remove - 卸载软件包
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purge - 卸载软件包并删除其配置文件
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hold - 将软件包置于保持状态
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unhold - 取消对一个软件包的保持命令
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markauto - 将软件包标记为自动安装
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unmarkauto - 将软件包标记为手动安装
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forbid-version - 禁止 aptitude 升级到某一特定版本的软件包。
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update - 下载新/可升级软件包列表
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safe-upgrade - 执行一次安全的升级
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full-upgrade - 执行升级，可能会安装和卸载软件包
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forget-new - 忘记哪些软件包是“新”的
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search - 按名称 和/或 表达式搜索软件包
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show - 显示一个软件包的详细信息
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clean - 删除已下载的软件包文件
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autoclean - 删除旧的已下载软件包文件
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changelog - 查看一个软件包的变更日志
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download - 下载软件包的 .deb 文件
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reinstall - 下载并(可能)重新安装一个现在已经安装了的软件包
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```
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## Debian安装时驱动加载
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参考：https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware
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一种简单的方法是使用直接包含所有非免费固件包的**安装程序映像** ：[https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/](https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/)。另一种方法是单独下载固件已经烧纸镜像的移动介质中（U盘）。可以在[https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/firmware/](https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/firmware/)中寻找对应Debian版本的固件。
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- Debian软件包查找：https://packages.debian.org/
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- firmware-iwlwifi_20210315-3_all.deb：https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/all/firmware-iwlwifi/download
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- 带有Nonfree固件的Debian镜像：https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/
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- https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/11.5.0+nonfree/amd64/iso-dvd/
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### 加载驱动
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将下载的驱动`*.ucode`放到`/lib/firmware`（该目录需要手动新建）。或者在另一个U盘（ 分区fat32）里新建一个目录`/firmware`并放置`*.ucode`或者deb软件包，或者放在根目录。
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### OMV驱动版本
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>**openmediavault 是否有适用于我的硬件的驱动程序？**
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所有模块驱动程序均由 oldstable 8.9 版（又名 Jessie）的 Debian 标准内核提供。默认情况下，此发行版附带内核 3.16。可以选择安装 backport kernel 4.9。如果 Debian Jessie 支持硬件，那么 openmediavault 也支持硬件。Jessie backport kernel 4.9 是目前 Stretch (Debian 9.3) 使用的默认内核，因此它为较新的硬件提供支持。
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## 更新源
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源目录：
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- 官方源
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```ini
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
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# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
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# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
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# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
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```
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- 清华
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```ini
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-updates main contrib non-free
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-updates main contrib non-free
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-backports main contrib non-free
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-backports main contrib non-free
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security testing-security main contrib non-free
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# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security testing-security main contrib non-free
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```
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- 中国科技大学
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```ini
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deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
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#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
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deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
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#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
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deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
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#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
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deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
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#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
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```
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- 阿里云
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```ini
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
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```
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更新操作：
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```c++
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get upgrade
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sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
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```
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`apt-get dist-upgrade `为更新发行版/分支操作。
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### 替换源解决源失效问题
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如果提示下面的问题，可以使用替换源的方式来解决：
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>E: Some index files failed to download, they have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
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>E: 仓库 “https://download.docker.com/linux/debian n/a Release” 没有 Release 文件
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1. 修改`/etc/apt/sources.list`文件，在桌面系统内可以使用`gedit /etc/apt/sources.list`。
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2. 替换成其他的源。比如阿里云的：
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```ini
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy main contrib non-free
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy main contrib non-free
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
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#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
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```
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3. 如果还是提示错误就需要删除 **/etc/apt/sources.list.d** 下的所有文件了。
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```ini
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cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d
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ls
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rm XXXX
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```
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#### 其他更换源命令
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```ini
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mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak ？（先备份）
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echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib" >/etc/apt/sources.list
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echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib " >>/etc/apt/sources.list
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echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib" >>/etc/apt/sources.list
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```
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## 远程登录
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***第一次安装完需要手动安装ssh***
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需要使用网线连接安装，Wifi安装会导致进系统后无法连接Lan。
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使用`omv-firstaid`可以进行其他设置。重新设置WorkBench就可以了。
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## 杂项
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### 允许Root用户登录
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默认情况下debian是不允许以root用户登录的，只能以其他用户登录系统中，然后su到root用户下进行操作。
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1. 修改/etc/gdm3/daemon.conf文件，新增下面一行AllowRoot = true。
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```ini
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[security]
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AllowRoot = true
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```
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2. 修改/etc/pam.d/gdm-password，注释掉下面内容
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```ini
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#auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
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```
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然后重启操作系统，就可以使用root用户登录操作系统了。
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### 安装V2rayA客户端
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https://v2raya.org/docs/prologue/installation/debian/
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### Debian设置Http代理
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方法一：有系统变量文件/etc/profile 里增加
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>export http_proxy=[http://username:password@proxyIP:proxyPORT](http://username:password@proxyip:proxyPORT/)（或者ip地址+端口号）
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方法二：有用户变量文件~/.bashrc 里增加上面那句，只对指定的用户生效。
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方法三：修改/etc/apt/apt.conf 文件，如果没有这个文件可以新建一个 增加一句：
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>Acquire::http::Proxy "[http://username:password@proxyIP:proxyPORT](http://username:password@proxyip:proxyPORT/)"; （或者ip地址+端口号）注意后面有一个分号。
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最后输入 sudo apt-get update 测试
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# OMV网页后台出错解决方法
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清楚网页缓存
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Try if clearing the browser cache solves it. Or try Ctrl+Shift+R when you are on the OMV web GUI
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