231 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
231 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
---
|
||
title: OMV与Debian安装与使用笔记
|
||
date: 2022-09-20 09:31:42
|
||
excerpt: 摘要
|
||
tags: Debian
|
||
rating: ⭐⭐
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 前言
|
||
推荐入门文章：
|
||
- [Debian 新手指南（持续更新）](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/488109156)
|
||
- [锐角云 N3450折腾OMV记录](https://www.cnblogs.com/wxfy/p/15765363.html)：
|
||
|
||
- omv5 基于debian 10
|
||
- omv6 基于debian 11
|
||
|
||
后台：http://ipv4.blueroses.top/
|
||
| 版本 | 说明 | 示例 |
|
||
| -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
|
||
| alpine | Alpine Linux 操作系统，它是一个独立发行版本，相比较 Debian 操作系统来说 Alpine，更加轻巧 https://alpinelinux.org | docker pull node:alpine3.14 |
|
||
| jessie | Debian 8，更旧的稳定（oldoldstable）版，马上就淘汰了 2015 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianJessie | docker pull node:10.22.0-jessie |
|
||
| stretch | Debian 9，旧的稳定（oldstable）版，现有长期支持 2017，比较老，目前除了 LTS 其他版本已经不再提供技术支持了，所以我们非必要情况下还是不要选择它比较好 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianStretch | docker pull node:lts-stretch |
|
||
| buster | Debian 10，当前的稳定（stable）版 2019，比较新，支持比较全面，受广大Debian爱好者的好评！像 PHP、Python 之类的语言、应用都会使用这个版本的 Debian 搭建 Docker 基础镜像 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster | docker pull node:lts-buster |
|
||
| bullseye | Debian 11，即将上位的稳定（stable）版 2021https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBullseye docker pull node:lts-bullseye xxx-slim 一般都基于 Debian 和 glibc，删除了许多非必需的软件包，优化了体积 docker pull node:stretch-slim | docker pull node:buster-slim |
|
||
|
||
## 在Debian上安装OMV
|
||
### 添加秘钥
|
||
```
|
||
apt-get install --yes gnupg
|
||
wget -O "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/openmediavault-archive-keyring.asc" https://packages.openmediavault.org/public/archive.key
|
||
apt-key add "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/openmediavault-archive-keyring.asc"
|
||
```
|
||
### 添加软件包存储库
|
||
大陆地区使用TUNA的源：
|
||
```ini
|
||
cat <<EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/openmediavault.list
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul main
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul main
|
||
## Uncomment the following line to add software from the proposed repository.
|
||
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul-proposed main
|
||
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul-proposed main
|
||
## This software is not part of OpenMediaVault, but is offered by third-party
|
||
## developers as a service to OpenMediaVault users.
|
||
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/public usul partner
|
||
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/OpenMediaVault/packages usul partner
|
||
EOF
|
||
```
|
||
### 安装
|
||
```c++
|
||
export LANG=C.UTF-8
|
||
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
|
||
export APT_LISTCHANGES_FRONTEND=none
|
||
apt-get update
|
||
apt-get --yes --auto-remove --show-upgraded \
|
||
--allow-downgrades --allow-change-held-packages \
|
||
--no-install-recommends \
|
||
--option DPkg::Options::="--force-confdef" \
|
||
--option DPkg::Options::="--force-confold" \
|
||
install openmediavault-keyring openmediavault
|
||
|
||
omv-confdbadm populate
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 安装脚本（非桌面环境有效）
|
||
大概率是需要没有安装过桌面的Debian：https://github.com/OpenMediaVault-Plugin-Developers/installScript
|
||
|
||
## Debian检查软件包依赖
|
||
- 查看谁依赖了这个包：
|
||
- aptitude why libboost1.71-tools-dev
|
||
- 查看libboost-all-dev 依赖哪些包
|
||
- apt-cache depends libboost-all-dev
|
||
- 查看所有带libboost的包
|
||
- dpkg -l | grep libboost
|
||
|
||
Debian phpapi-20151012 不能安装的原因可能是因为某个包安装了更新phpapi的版本。（可能是php7.4系列)
|
||
|
||
### 用apt安装时，出现依赖障碍时，如何解决？
|
||
出现因依赖无法安装，可以尝试：
|
||
>aptitude install xxx-软件
|
||
|
||
```ini
|
||
install - 安装/升级软件包
|
||
remove - 卸载软件包
|
||
purge - 卸载软件包并删除其配置文件
|
||
hold - 将软件包置于保持状态
|
||
unhold - 取消对一个软件包的保持命令
|
||
markauto - 将软件包标记为自动安装
|
||
unmarkauto - 将软件包标记为手动安装
|
||
forbid-version - 禁止 aptitude 升级到某一特定版本的软件包。
|
||
update - 下载新/可升级软件包列表
|
||
safe-upgrade - 执行一次安全的升级
|
||
full-upgrade - 执行升级，可能会安装和卸载软件包
|
||
forget-new - 忘记哪些软件包是“新”的
|
||
search - 按名称 和/或 表达式搜索软件包
|
||
show - 显示一个软件包的详细信息
|
||
clean - 删除已下载的软件包文件
|
||
autoclean - 删除旧的已下载软件包文件
|
||
changelog - 查看一个软件包的变更日志
|
||
download - 下载软件包的 .deb 文件
|
||
reinstall - 下载并(可能)重新安装一个现在已经安装了的软件包
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Debian安装时驱动加载
|
||
参考：https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware
|
||
一种简单的方法是使用直接包含所有非免费固件包的**安装程序映像** ：[https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/](https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/)。另一种方法是单独下载固件已经烧纸镜像的移动介质中（U盘）。可以在[https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/firmware/](https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/firmware/)中寻找对应Debian版本的固件。
|
||
|
||
- Debian软件包查找：https://packages.debian.org/
|
||
- firmware-iwlwifi_20210315-3_all.deb：https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/all/firmware-iwlwifi/download
|
||
- 带有Nonfree固件的Debian镜像：https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/
|
||
- https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/11.5.0+nonfree/amd64/iso-dvd/
|
||
|
||
### 加载驱动
|
||
将下载的驱动`*.ucode`放到`/lib/firmware`（该目录需要手动新建）。或者在另一个U盘（ 分区fat32）里新建一个目录`/firmware`并放置`*.ucode`或者deb软件包，或者放在根目录。
|
||
|
||
### OMV驱动版本
|
||
>**openmediavault 是否有适用于我的硬件的驱动程序？**
|
||
所有模块驱动程序均由 oldstable 8.9 版（又名 Jessie）的 Debian 标准内核提供。默认情况下，此发行版附带内核 3.16。可以选择安装 backport kernel 4.9。如果 Debian Jessie 支持硬件，那么 openmediavault 也支持硬件。Jessie backport kernel 4.9 是目前 Stretch (Debian 9.3) 使用的默认内核，因此它为较新的硬件提供支持。
|
||
|
||
## 更新源
|
||
源目录：
|
||
- 官方源
|
||
```ini
|
||
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
|
||
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
|
||
```
|
||
- 清华
|
||
```ini
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-backports main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ testing-backports main contrib non-free
|
||
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security testing-security main contrib non-free
|
||
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security testing-security main contrib non-free
|
||
```
|
||
- 中国科技大学
|
||
```ini
|
||
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
|
||
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
|
||
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
|
||
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
|
||
```
|
||
- 阿里云
|
||
```ini
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ stretch/updates main non-free contrib
|
||
```
|
||
更新操作：
|
||
```c++
|
||
sudo apt-get update
|
||
sudo apt-get upgrade
|
||
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||
```
|
||
`apt-get dist-upgrade `为更新发行版/分支操作。
|
||
|
||
### 替换源解决源失效问题
|
||
如果提示下面的问题，可以使用替换源的方式来解决：
|
||
>E: Some index files failed to download, they have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
|
||
>E: 仓库 “https://download.docker.com/linux/debian n/a Release” 没有 Release 文件
|
||
|
||
1. 修改`/etc/apt/sources.list`文件，在桌面系统内可以使用`gedit /etc/apt/sources.list`。
|
||
2. 替换成其他的源。比如阿里云的：
|
||
```ini
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy main contrib non-free
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy main contrib non-free
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
|
||
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
|
||
#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
|
||
```
|
||
3. 如果还是提示错误就需要删除 **/etc/apt/sources.list.d** 下的所有文件了。
|
||
```ini
|
||
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d
|
||
ls
|
||
rm XXXX
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### 其他更换源命令
|
||
```ini
|
||
mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak ？（先备份）
|
||
echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch main non-free contrib" >/etc/apt/sources.list
|
||
echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-updates main non-free contrib " >>/etc/apt/sources.list
|
||
echo "deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ stretch-backports main non-free contrib" >>/etc/apt/sources.list
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 杂项
|
||
### 允许Root用户登录
|
||
默认情况下debian是不允许以root用户登录的，只能以其他用户登录系统中，然后su到root用户下进行操作。
|
||
1. 修改/etc/gdm3/daemon.conf文件，新增下面一行AllowRoot = true。
|
||
```ini
|
||
[security]
|
||
AllowRoot = true
|
||
```
|
||
2. 修改/etc/pam.d/gdm-password，注释掉下面内容
|
||
```ini
|
||
#auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
|
||
```
|
||
然后重启操作系统，就可以使用root用户登录操作系统了。
|
||
|
||
### 安装V2rayA客户端
|
||
https://v2raya.org/docs/prologue/installation/debian/
|
||
|
||
### Debian设置Http代理
|
||
方法一：有系统变量文件/etc/profile 里增加
|
||
>export http_proxy=[http://username:password@proxyIP:proxyPORT](http://username:password@proxyip:proxyPORT/)（或者ip地址+端口号）
|
||
|
||
方法二：有用户变量文件~/.bashrc 里增加上面那句，只对指定的用户生效。
|
||
|
||
方法三：修改/etc/apt/apt.conf 文件，如果没有这个文件可以新建一个 增加一句：
|
||
>Acquire::http::Proxy "[http://username:password@proxyIP:proxyPORT](http://username:password@proxyip:proxyPORT/)"; （或者ip地址+端口号）注意后面有一个分号。
|
||
|
||
最后输入 sudo apt-get update 测试
|
||
|
||
# OMV网页后台出错解决方法
|
||
清楚网页缓存
|
||
Try if clearing the browser cache solves it. Or try Ctrl+Shift+R when you are on the OMV web GUI |